Software prototyping ppt

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Elizabeth Howell. Deepika Rajgopal at Jnnce,shimoga. Balaji Balasubramanian. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Software Prototyping 1. Prototyping process 8.

The development starts with those requirements which are best understood. Approaches to prototyping Evolutionary prototyping Incremental development process Prototyping is the rapid development of a system In the past, the developed system was normally thought of as inferior in some way to the required system so further development was required Now, the boundary between prototyping and normal system development is blurred and many systems are developed using an evolutionary approach.

The principal use is to help customers and developers understand the requirements for the system Requirements elicitation. Users can experiment with a prototype to see how the system supports their work Requirements validation.

The prototype can reveal errors and omissions in the requirements. Prototyping can be considered as a risk reduction activity which reduces requirements risks 4. Improved system usability Closer match to the system needed Improved design quality Improved maintainability Reduced overall development effort.

Evolutionary prototyping An approach to system development where an initial prototype is produced and refined through a number of stages to the final system The objective of evolutionary prototyping is to deliver a working system to end-users.

The development starts with those requirements which are best understood. Must be used for systems where the specification cannot be developed in advance e. AI systems and user interface systems Based on techniques which allow rapid system iterations Verification is impossible as there is no specification. Validation means demonstrating the adequacy of the system. Accelerated delivery of the system Rapid delivery and deployment are sometimes more important than functionality or long-term software maintainability.

User engagement with the system Not only is the system more likely to meet user requirements, they are more likely to commit to the use of the system. Specification, design and implementation are inter-twined The system is developed as a series of increments that are delivered to the customer Techniques for rapid system development are used, such as CASE tools and 4GLs User interfaces are usually developed using a GUI development toolkit. Management problems Existing management processes assume a waterfall model of development Specialist skills are required which may not be available in all development teams.

Maintenance problems Continual change tends to corrupt system structure so long-term maintenance is expensive. Throw-away prototyping A prototype which is usually a practical implementation of the system is produced to help discover requirements problems and then discarded. The system is then developed using some other development process.

The objective of throw-away prototyping is to validate or derive the system requirements. The prototyping process starts with those requirements which are poorly understood. Used to reduce requirements risk The prototype is developed from an initial specification, delivered for experiment then discarded The throw-away prototype should not be considered as a final system.

Some system characteristics may have been left out There is no specification for long-term maintenance The system will be poorly structured and difficult to maintain. Aims to collect information on requirements and the adequacy of possible designs Recognises that requirements are likely to be inaccurate when first specified The emphasis is on evaluating the design before discarding it.

Final product is built as separate components one at a time There is one overall design for the system It is partitioned into independent and smaller components Final product is released as a series of products Eg : General student details data module the students assessment profile module. Domain specific languages for business systems based around a database management system Normally include a database query language, a screen generator, a report generator and a spreadsheet.

Application level development Entire application systems are integrated with the prototype so that their functionality can be shared For example, if text preparation is required, a standard word processor can be used E.

Component level development Individual components are integrated within a standard framework to implement the system Framework can be a scripting language or an integration framework such as CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture.

Users understand and react to prototypes far better than with paper specifications Usually quicker to build prototype than paper specs. Reality testing is introduced into project at early stage. Prototyping can help avoid systems with inadequate or wrong features. It encourages creative input from users It enables errors and weaknesses to be caught before expensive design and programming are done.

Quick, rough design may replace wellthoughout design Prototype may encourage users to change minds about requirements--prototype may never converge!

Users expectations may be too high Users may not want to go from prototype to production system--may want to keep prototype User may not work hard enough to identify flaws in prototype. A prototype can be used to give end-users a concrete impression of the systems capabilities Prototyping is becoming increasingly used for system development where rapid development is essential Throw-away prototyping is used to understand the system requirements In evolutionary prototyping, the system is developed by evolving an initial version to the final version.

Rapid development of prototypes is essential. This may require leaving out functionality or relaxing non-functional constraints Prototyping techniques include the use of very high-level languages, database programming and prototype construction from reusable components Prototyping is essential for parts of the system such as the user interface which cannot be effectively pre-specified.

Users must be involved in prototype evaluation. Outsourcing the strategic use of outside resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and resources Dave Griffiths. Why Outsource? Provide services that are scalable, secure, and efficient, while improving overall service and reducing costs. Major outsourcing in the manufacturing industry Associated loss of blue-collar jobs in many industrial sectors.

Low costs of manufacturing Availability of skilled labor Promotion of business friendly environment Existence of production and supply networks in those countries.